Monthly Archives: February 2024

When Should Startups Hire a CISO ?

 

When Should Startups hire a CISOAs someone who has been in the IT industry for two decades, primarily working with startups and serving as a security practitioner and consultant now, I often get asked about the right time to bring in full-time security professionals.

These roles could be a Security Engineer, Security Architect or even a more senior role as Chief Information Security Officer (CISO).

But, before that, we need to understand that Startups typically go through various stages of funding and evolution as they grow and develop their business. It is essential to understand how this funding impacts the decision making around security budgets and hires. 

While there’s no one-size-fits-all answer to when startups should hire security professionals. It depends on various factors, whether a startup is in the regulated sector or caters heavily to customers in regulated sectors like Lending, Insurance and Broking or high tech. Does the startup deal with a lot of Personally Identifiable Information (PII), operates across the world, etc.

The reason to put forth this thought is in some sectors, the regulatory requirements are stringent and calls for granular security controls for data protection needing investments in terms of tools, services and people at a much earlier stage. Can startups afford a full time security role at such an early stage? Usually the answer is no and, I think a good alternative lies in the utilisation of Virtual CxOs or Fractional CxOs.

These roles, such as Virtual Chief Information Security Officer, Virtual Chief Technology Officer, Virtual CFO, and others, offer startups invaluable services at a fraction of the huge costs. 

This approach not only provides cost-efficiency but also circumvents the challenges associated with lengthy hiring cycles and the complexities of downsizing. Essentially, these arrangements operate on a ‘pay-as-you-go’ model, offering startups flexibility and strategic support without the traditional hiring headaches. 

So, when can Founders bring in the virtual or a full time CISOs ? Before you go there, a word about CISOs:

CISOs come in all flavours! Some are compliance oriented and usually have transitioned into vCISO roles after a long stint in large enterprises. They would be supported by a team and may be less hands-on. On the other hand, you have the hands-on CISOs, the ‘get your hands dirty in the code’ kind of experts. They’ve seen the trenches, fought the cyber battles, and they’re not afraid to roll up their sleeves.

Both types bring immense value, but choosing the right flavour depends on your startups needs and culture.

Here are the common stages in the funding or evolution of startups and what expectations are from the security roles, be it virtual or full time. Hope you find them useful and please do reach out if you need any help (you can mail me: prasanna@cyberquotient.in):

Pre-Seed Stage:

  • This is the earliest stage of a startup, where the founders use their own funds or money from friends and family to validate their business idea.
  • Funding Source: Founders, friends, and family.
  • Security expectations / deliverables: Since validation of ideas is the prime focus here, a full-time security role is obviously overkill. At the most, the founders would want to know regulatory cyber security compliances of their domains, high level security architecture reviews, security of tech stacks etc. If this is the case, you can talk to  a vCISO or a trusted security professional from your family, friends circle or professional network. 

Early-Stage / Series A:

  • At this point, the startup has a validated product or service and is looking to scale its operations. Funding is used for market expansion, team building, and further product development. 
  • Funding source: Venture capital firms, Angel investors, 
  • Security expectations / deliverables: A minimum viable security of the products,  infrastructure, hygienic data security and privacy controls, High level architecture reviews, are the expectations. Also, specific compliances related to data security and privacy, etc., are to be baked in products and services offered. 
  • Which CISO to hire? A full time CISO / Security Engineer would be an overkill and Startups can benefit from Virtual CISO, who has a mix of Tech and compliance skills, with practical experience. Some of these tasks can be outsourced and accomplished through partner ecosystems. Having a dedicated security team might find the ever changing priorities of a startup too much to handle. Please do read above on various types of CISOs available. 

Growth Stage / Series B and C:

  • Startups at the growth stage have proven market traction and are scaling rapidly. Funding is used for market dominance, scaling operations, and expanding the customer base.
  • Funding Source: Venture capital firms (Series B, C, and subsequent funding rounds).
  • Security deliverables: It gets interesting here. At this stage the products or services offered by startups are already expected to meet certain baseline. Periodic Vulnerability Assessment and Penetration Testing (VAPT) of the web applications, mobile apps, cloud, end user computing are the standard requirements here along with source code reviews. Policies and procedures relating to security, business continuity, ID and access management, data storage, backups are expected to be in place. A common phenomenon I have seen is that startups, which scaled but underplayed the importance of good security hygiene, ended up with a lot of tech debts / security debts and causing friction among teams. Most teams that bear the brunt of this or affected would be Security <-> Engineering <-> DevOps. Eventually, this affects the scalability and agility. of the startup
  • Which CISO to hire? Hire a strong security leader (it could be CISO / Dir of Security / Head of Security, etc) and ensure they are supported by a team including at least one application security engineer, IT / IT Security engineer, compliance analyst etc.

Late-Stage / Series D and Beyond:

  • These startups are well-established in the market and may be preparing for an initial public offering (IPO) or considering other exit strategies. Funding is used for global expansion, acquisitions, and preparing for exit.
  • Funding Source: Venture capital firms, private equity, and sometimes institutional investors.
  • Security deliverables: Same as Series B & C, but the frequency and customer demands, or compliance requirements are more. Periodic VAPT of the web applications, mobile apps, cloud, end user computing. Internal and External audits may be a mandatory requirement. 
  • Whom to Hire: Hire a capable, hands-on security leader (it could be CISO / Dir of Security / Head of Security, etc) and ensure they are supported by a team including at least one application security engineer, IT / IT Security engineer, compliance analyst etc. This stage might also have similar challenges of tech / security debts for the incumbent.

IPO (Initial Public Offering):

  • Some startups choose to go public, offering shares on the stock market. This provides liquidity for early investors and allows the company to raise significant capital from the public.
  • Funding Source: Public investors who buy shares on the stock market.
  • Security deliverables:  At this stage, the organisation is expected to meet higher standards of security including certifications to standards like ISO 27001, although desirable, its not a must. Usually a third-party conducts readiness assessments covering various aspects such as information security,  cyber resiliency, and more. One can expect to see lot of documentation work from the security team including threats and disruptions that can impact the business. The vCISO / CISO will contribute towards the Draft Red-Herring Prospectus (DRHP) documentation as well (I tell this from my experience at Navi).
  • Whom to Hire: Contrary to popular belief, a CISO position is not mandatory for filing IPO, unless you are in regulated sector like Banking, Insurance or Mutual funds. At this stage, a company is expected to have a steady state of security practice. However, startups that grow fast and scale exponentially often face challenges in their security operations. I have seen some startups facing continuous issues and disruptions when tech/security debts have piled up! Look for someone with prior experience in building and scaling security programs at startups.

It’s crucial to understand that not every startup adheres to this precise progression, and the path to funding can fluctuate depending on factors such as industry, business model, and market dynamics.

Similarly, the approach to security may also vary. The consequences of non-compliance can be significant, as illustrated by a recent incident where the RBI imposed hefty fines, viewed by many as potentially fatal.

The era where examples like Uber’s rapid growth leading to regulatory adjustments served as a common case study seems to have shifted. Instead, it’s becoming more evident that it’s a matter of:

‘Comply or Perish’.

 

 

How A Search For “Free Netflix Trial” Led Me To Uncover A Fintech Fraud

 

fintech compliance, RBI Notice #paytm #compliance #fintech

 

This article reminds me of an incident from my past life. I used to work for a Fintech company that was also into PrePaid Instrument wallets, powering one of the biggest utility service providers in India.

One day while doing an Attack Surface Management exercise, something strange happened. I noticed that our company name was quite popular on Youtube and associated hashtags were “free Netflix trial”, #freenetflix. This was around the time Netflix had entered India.

Attack Surface Management (ASM) is basically trying to find out all the references and entry points into an organisation’s servers / apps/ IPs on the web. This is done by doing deep searches using google dorks, dark web/deep web in both manual and automated ways. Nowadays, there are third-party companies that specialise in these.

Trivia: Interestingly, Cyber Insurance companies also use these ASM techniques to understand more about their clients digital footprint, exposure etc., and use it for calculating Cyber Insurance Premiums.

Curious, I dug deeper and found out a youtube video where an influencer had put up a tutorial on how one could easily create a virtual prepaid card in our platform, loading it for INR 2/- and then use that for Netflix trial for about a month and then recycle the whole process. I figured out that:

They were using the same Driving License (DL) numbers and sometimes recycling DL numbers by appending a digit. Since, in Minimum KYCs only numbers and some basic details like name and etc were collected, usually without any kind of photocopy of the documents. I believe this process has improved now (?).

I took those details and with the help of the internal teams, started researching more about those DL numbers. Turns out there were close to a few hundred accounts associated with that single number. Ideally, the systems should have flagged and blocked subsequent wallet creation using the same ID numbers. Somehow it was failing.

rbi non compliance

We looped in Compliance, FRM and legal. Such accounts with dubious credentials were invalidated and we started rolling out additional controls.

It was trivial to use the same numbers, unless there was a robust mechanism that checked the Document ID numbers and the associated identifiers like Mobile number, names etc.

Though I was in cybersecurity, this was my first brush with fighting digital fraud.

In another incident, fraudsters had cloned our fintech app and we had to loop in our legal teams to send a Trademark infringement to the AppStore to get this fake loan app removed.

In security we analyse the Tactics, Techniques and Procedures (TTPs) that are used commonly by the hackers. This helps us security teams in detecting and mitigating attacks by understanding the way threat actors operate.

Adapting a similar approach of examining the tactics, techniques, and procedures used by fraudsters will provide valuable insights into their behaviour and motives. With this understanding, the Fintechs and FIIs can help develop effective countermeasures. A good start would be documenting all the counter-fraud use-cases !

A key takeaway or a piece of advice to all the fintechs is to build a comprehensive list of use-cases proactively, and have them tested thoroughly. You can take help from your InfoSec teams in building these use-cases!

What do you say ?

#DigitalFraudPrevention #fintech #fintechfraud #search #attacksurface #TTPs #Tactics #Techniques #Procedures #usecase #ThreatActorAnalysis #frauddetection